Bonaventura Berlinghieri: Exploring the Byzantine Artist's Altarpiece Dedicated to the Life of Francis of Assisi Through the Elements of Design
The era of Byzantine art encompasses a unique style of artistic expression characterized by elaborate gold leaf, elongated human forms, and a unified focus of spirituality. Bonaventura Berlinghieri is an artist whose works left an indelible mark on the art world. In particular, his altarpiece dedicated to the life of Francis of Assisi stands as a testament to his mastery of the Late Byzantine style, showcasing his ability to capture both the physical narrative and spiritual essence of his subject. This masterpiece demonstrates Berlinghieri's artistic skill while integrating various principles of design to create a visually captivating and spiritually evocative composition.
The altarpiece, created in 1235, is a large panel painting crafted with vibrant tempera and gold leaf on wood. Measuring approximately six feet in height, the work consists of several individual scenes arranged in a narrative format. Each scene depicts a significant spiritual moment from the life of Saint Francis, demonstrating the artist's deep understanding of the saint's transformative journey and his ability to communicate these events to the viewer. Berlinghieri's meticulous attention to detail and his skillful execution of Byzantine aesthetics are evident in each panel or ‘apron scene,’ resulting in a cohesive and harmonious composition.
Contrast plays a crucial role in Berlinghieri's altarpiece. The contrast between light and dark areas creates a dramatic effect, emphasizing the significance of each scene. The use of chiaroscuro demonstrates clear tonal contrasts which are often used to suggest the volume and modeling of the subjects depicted. The dark intensity of Saint Francis’ robe and the dramatic contour of his face juxtaposed with the vibrant gold leaf background heighten the visual impact of the artwork, drawing the viewer's attention to this large central figure holding the most visual weight. The presence of gold leaf enhances the panel's ethereal quality, implying the saint's connection to the divine.
Emphasis is utilized in Berlinghieri's altarpiece to highlight the central figure of Saint Francis. He is portrayed larger than the surrounding figures, ensuring that the viewer's attention is drawn towards him, displaying a visual hierarchy. Additionally, the use of contrast to emphasize the stigmata on Saint Francis’ hands and feet further enhances his spiritual significance within the composition.
Balance is achieved through the symmetrical arrangement of the panels. The central panel featuring Saint Francis serves as the focal point, flanked by angels even with his shoulders and three smaller panels on each side. This symmetrical balance evokes a sense of stability and harmony, reflecting the divine serenity associated with the saint.
The anatomical proportions are characteristic of the Byzantine style featuring elongated human forms. Upon close observation, the limbs appear to be rendered particularly long in this painting. Within each apron scene the buildings look rather disproportionate to the size of the characters, which makes them appear to be about eight feet tall.
Repetition and rhythm are achieved through the consistent use of certain visual elements throughout the altarpiece. The regular repetition of each scene’s frame and irregular repetition of the buildings contained within creates a sense of unity and continuity. The rhythmic flow of the composition guides the viewer's eye from one panel to the next, effectively narrating the story of Saint Francis' life.
Patterns are integrated in the altarpiece to enhance its visual appeal and create a sense of texture. Berlinghieri uses intricate patterns and decorative motifs in the backgrounds and architectural elements, adding visual interest to the composition.
Movement is intended to be conveyed through the gestures and poses of the figures. The drapery of the characters within the frames suggest more of a sense of movement in comparison to the robe Saint Francis wears in the center, which appears static and heavy, showing no movement at all.
Variety is skillfully incorporated into the altarpiece through the depiction of different scenes from Saint Francis' life. Each panel presents an important moment within his life, ranging from his humble beginnings of preaching to the birds to the miracle of receiving the stigmata. His narrative is an example for the parishioners to strive to live a holy life as he did. Even the three knots in his belt are viewed as a reminder to live a life led by the three traits of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
Finally, unity is achieved through the cohesive integration of all the design principles mentioned above. Despite the diverse scenes and elements within the altarpiece, Berlinghieri skillfully harmonizes them to create a unified whole. The consistent style, color palette, and compositional structure contribute to the overall unity of the artwork.
This altarpiece not only showcases Berlinghieri’s technical skill but also reflects the spiritual and religious climate of the time. It exemplifies the strong influence of Franciscan spirituality, emphasizing poverty, humility, and devotion to God. This piece served as a focal point for religious devotion, inviting viewers to contemplate the life and teachings of Saint Francis and seek spiritual guidance through their encounter with the artwork.
In conclusion, Bonaventura Berlinghieri's altarpiece dedicated to the life of Francis of Assisi is a demonstration of his artistic mastery and his utilization of the principles of design. Through the skillful use of contrast, emphasis, hierarchy, balance, proportion, repetition, rhythm, pattern, movement, variety, and unity, Berlinghieri creates a visually captivating and spiritually evocative composition that continues to inspire and awe viewers nearly a millennium later.
